Pronouns
Contents
1. Pronouns
2. Nominative Pronouns
3. Accusative Pronouns
4. Genitive Pronouns
5. Ablative Pronouns
6. Dative Pronouns
1. Pronouns
There are two types of pronouns in Murrawarri, free pronouns and pronoun suffixes attached to verbs (bound pronouns). Pronouns attached to verbs show who is doing an action or who an action is being done to, and are explained on the verbs page. Free pronouns are mostly nominative-accusative.
Summary of all pronoun suffixes
2. Nominative Pronouns
These are the pronouns that are the doers (subject) of both transitive and intransitive verbs.
| Pronoun | English | Murrawarri |
|---|---|---|
| first person singular | I | Ngadhu |
| first person dual | we two | Ngali |
| first person plural | we | Ngana |
| second person singular | you | Ngindu / yindu |
| second person dual | you two | Nhula |
| second person plural | you all | Nhura |
| third person singular | he / she / it | Nhumbu |
| third person dual | them two / these two | Bula |
| third person plural | they all | Dhana |
3. Accusative Pronouns
These are the pronouns that are done to (object) or affected by the action of a transitive verb. They usually end in 'nha' or 'na'.
| Pronoun | English | Murrawarri |
|---|---|---|
| first person singular | me | nga-nha (regular form) nga-nhu / ngu-nha (irregular, shows doubt) |
| first person dual | us two | nga-ndhi / nga-nda (transitive form) dhi-ga (intransitive form) |
| first person plural | us all | Ngana |
| second person singular | you | Ngindu / yindu |
| second person dual | you two | Nhula |
| second person plural | you all | Nhura |
| third person singular | he / she / it | Nhumbu |
| third person dual | them two / these two | Bula |
| third person plural | they all | Dhana |
4. Genitive Pronouns
These pronouns show possession and ownership. They usually end in 'ga'.
| Pronoun | English | Murrawarri |
|---|---|---|
| first person singular | my / mine | dhi-ga (intransitive form) nga-ndi |
| first person dual | ours (two) | ngali-ga |
| first person plural | ours (all) | ngarra-ga |
| second person singular | yours | yingga |
| second person dual | your two | nhula-ga |
| second person plural | yours (all of) | nhura-ga |
| third person singular | his, hers, its | bu-ga |
| third person dual | theirs (two) | bura-ga |
| third person plural | theirs (all) | dharra-ga |
5. Ablative Pronouns
These pronouns show movement away from. They usually end in 'mil'.
| Pronoun | English | Murrawarri |
|---|---|---|
| first person singular | away from me | dhiga-mil |
| first person dual | away from us (two) | ngali-mil |
| first person plural | away from us (all) | ngarra-mil |
| second person singular | away from you | yingga-mil |
| second person dual | away from you two | nhula-mil |
| second person plural | away from all of you | nhura-mil |
| third person singular | away from him, her, it | bu-mil |
| third person dual | away from them (two) | bura-mil |
| third person plural | away from them (all) | dharra-mil |
6. Dative Pronouns
These pronouns show recipients or beneficiary of actions. They usually end in 'ngura’'.
| Pronoun | English | Murrawarri |
|---|---|---|
| first person singular | to / for me | ngaa-ngura |
| first person dual | to / for us (two) | ngali-ngura |
| first person plural | to / for us (all) | ngarra-ngura |
| second person singular | to / for you | yi-ngura |
| second person dual | to / for you (two) | nhula-ngura |
| second person plural | to / for you (all) | nhura-ngura |
| third person singular | to / for him, her, it | nhumbu-ngura |
| third person dual | to / for them (two) | burral-ngura |
| third person plural | to / for them (all) | dhana-ngura |